An Accounting Overview

An Accounting Overview

Accounting is frequently called the “language of business” because of its ability to communicate financial information about an organization. Various interested parties, such as managers, potential investors, creditors, and the government, depend on a company’s accounting system to help them make informed financial decisions. An effective accounting system. Therefore, must include accurate collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, interpreting, reporting of information on the financial status of an organization.

 In order to achieve a standardized system the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules. Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money involved, common procedures for handling and presenting financial information are used incoming money (revenues) and outgoing money (expenditures) are carefully monitored, and transactions are summarized in financial statements, which reflect the major financial activities of an organization.

Two common financial statements are the balance sheet and the income statement. The balance sheet shows the financial position of a company at one point in time, while the income statement shows the financial performance of a company over a period of time. Financial statements allow interested parties to compare one organization to another and/or to compare accounting period within one organization. For example, an inevestor may compare the most recent income statements of two corporations in order to find out which one would be a better investment.

People who specialize in the field of accounting are known as accountants. In the United States, accountants are usually classified as public, private, or governmental public accountants work independently and provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals. Public accountants may earn the title of CPA (Certified Public Accountant) by fulfilling rigorous requirements. Private accountants work solely for private for companies or corporations that hire them to maintain financial records, and governmental agencies or bureaus. Both private and governmental accountants are paid on a salary basis, whereas public accountants receive fess for their services.

Through effective application of commonly accepted accounting systems, private, public, and governmental accountants provide accurate and timely financial information that is necessary for organizational decision making.

Opinion for this article : All companies must have several accountants who are masters of accounting because each company would not want an error in processing the financial data they are either out of financial data or financial data are included in their cash

The target market

Determination of Target Market Strategy

Determine the target market is becoming an essential part in business marketing strategy. There are several companies that want to reach consumers from all walks of life, but there are few companies that intentionally separates the target consumers according to market its products. With a clear target market, the company will make it easier to determine which product fits your needs and desires of consumers. Means also that the target market is a market that has buying power of consumers with considerable potential.

In the marketing world, there are three strategies targeting markets that often do the business, the strategy is as follows:

A. undifferentiated marketing

There are several companies that see the market as a whole without distinguishing specific target market. Companies that use this marketing strategy, offering only one kind of product and cover the whole market. Regardless of their target market, the company aims to instill a strong image of its products to consumers.

Marketing of selected target markets regardless of the business, because this strategy is smaller than the cost of marketing to distinguish the target market. Regardless of their marketing target market more rely on the production, distribution and promotion strategies in bulk, so it can cut costs.

But besides the advantages, the marketing strategy also has drawbacks. Most business people do not distinguish between the consumer, it will choose the target of the most extensive market for its product offering. If a lot of business people who choose this way, the competition was getting tougher business.

2. differentiated marketing

Marketing is second to distinguish target market according to customer needs. The wide variety of needs, consumers, businesses a motivating factor to distinguish their target market. If the marketing without the variants produce only one kind of product, marketing differentiator produces a wide range of products tailored to the needs and interests of consumers.

Product differentiation can be based on the geographical location of consumer, style or lifestyle, age, gender, income level, and even can also be distinguished based on their level of education of the consumer. Efforts to target market distinction is intended that consumer loyalty to a product more powerful, because the company offers products to fit the desires of consumers. Distinction can be exemplified from the target market of instant noodle products, they develop their business by differentiating products based on the tastes of flavors to consumers.

When compared to marketing without the variants, with a distinctive marketing strategy requires a greater cost. Because of the cost required for new product research, the greater the production process, as well as increased costs for market research. Nevertheless, the difference is more favored marketing the business. For a marketing differentiator, their products have a stronger appeal than the marketed products of competitors.

3. concentrated marketing

Unlike the marketing strategy that differentiates according to the needs of consumers, concentrated marketing focus to market their products only to one or several groups of buyers only. So that the marketing of products intended only to groups with the most potential buyers. Such products Tropicana Slim, low-calorie and sugar-free sugar is more focused on consumers who want to maintain their health, especially for people with diabetes.

With a focus on specific groups, companies use this marketing strategy of trying to offer the best products for their target market. So that the specification of the products offered image can be embedded in the target market of consumers. In addition it is also concentrated marketing savings, both production costs, distribution costs and promotional costs. For all of them only focus on one or two consumer groups only.

But there are also weaknesses of the marketing concentration, the risk is even greater than without differentiating marketing and marketing with a differentiator. If the target market is the focus of marketing arrived - arrived switch to a competitor with a similar focus, then you will lose one - the only field that you have customers. The magnitude of the risk, make business owners prefer to market their products to a target market.

For those of you who want to try a new business opportunity, you should first determine the target market you want to reach. The clearer your target market, the more easily you define the business development strategy. May be useful and successful greeting.

Opinion for this article : Target marketing is to be applied in any marketing procedures so that we can know how much the amount of income that we get within a specified time

Four P's and the Marketing Mix

Four P's and the Marketing Mix        

The Four P’s divide the different attributes of successful marketing in to categories. The one has a part to play in the delivery of a service or product to the eventual customer.

The Four P’s, also known as the Marketing Mix consist of the following:

Price

Price is focus on the cost to the customer of choosing to buy your offering as opposed to someone else’s.

Price is generally an important factor considered by buyers who when viewing two identical products, would in most situations opt for the cheaper one.

For some products and services there might be multiple tiers of costs. For example, there may be an initial cost of acquisition and then further service charges and maintenance costs which customers would consider.

Price therefore encompasses all costs of both immediate and ongoing.

The cost of a product is not the only factor in purchasing decisions as quality, service and other factors are also determinants.

Product

Product includes the features and benefits of the offering in question, including the manner it is packaged, what it looks like and further extras such as guarantees and warranties.

Many of the factors which are part of the Product category could be intangible and may have perceived rather than actual benefits. The fact that they might not be actual advantages is largely unimportant, whilst their existence in the mind of potential purchasers is.

Place

Buyers will consider the ease of obtaining the product or service once the decision to purchase has been made.

Long lead times or inconvenient delivery schedules can put customers off and result in them selecting a more expensive product which is available now and at their convenience.

Businesses should consider customer’s expectations and the industry norm when looking at where and when their products will be available.

Bettering current accepted norms for delivery might enable the business to excel in its appeal to customers. Consider internet downloads where possible or delivery of places of work where appropriate in order to maximise the whole package of what is being sold.

Promotion

Promotion is essentially the means used to reach intended customers. Imagination and creativity can result in a business’ products or information about them being displayed in places which other competitors are not.

Internet advertising is gradually replacing more traditional form of promotion and certain websites might provide a business with an immediate and predefined audience.

By viewing each element of the marketing mix and relating them to the business’ products and services, the enterprise can seek to prepare a comprehensive and effective promotion strategy.

Opinion  for this article : Marketing mix need to look at several factors in the run so as not to alter existing structures therein. marketing mix may be easier to run it but it is easy mistakes

MARKETING

 Marketing is the process of developing an integrated communication that aims to provide information about the goods or services in relation to satisfying human needs and desires.

Marketing starts with the fulfillment of human needs which then grew into a human desire. For example, a human being needs water to meet the needs of thirst. If there are thirst for a glass of water it needs will be met. But humans do not just want to meet her needs but also to fulfill his wish is for example a glass of clean water brands Aqua and portability. So this man chose a bottle of Aqua in accordance with the requirements in accordance with the thirst and desire that is also easy to carry.

Process in fulfilling the needs and desires of human beings that is the concept of marketing. Starting from the fulfillment of the product (product), pricing (price), delivery (place), and promoting the goods (promotion). Someone who works in the field of marketing is called marketing. Marketers should have knowledge of the concepts and principles of marketing to the marketing activities can be achieved in accordance with human needs and desires of consumers, especially the intended party.

Marketing mix are four components in the marketing of the 4P

(Products)

(Price)

(Place, including distribution)

(Promotion)

Because marketing is not an exact science such as finance, marketing mix theory is also growing. During its development, which is also known 7P 3P term is hereinafter People, Physical Evidence, Process. Author Seth Godin, for example, also offers a new theory of the Purple Cow P

Marketing is seen as more art than science, then a marketing expert depending on the skills of more consideration in making policy-oriented rather than specific knowledge.

Economists view of marketing is to create time, the place where the product is necessary or desirable and then submit the product to satisfy the needs and desires of consumers (marketing concept).

 Classical methods such as the 4Ps of marketing of the above apply also to internet marketing, internet marketing although done with many other methods that are very difficult to implement outside the internet world.

Marketing strategy

Marketing strategy is very important for a company where marketing strategy is a way of achieving the goal of a company. This is also supported by the opinion Swastha "Strategy is a series of great design that describes how a company should operate to achieve its objectives." [2] Thus, in running small businesses in particular need of development through marketing strategies. Due to the critical condition at the time it kecillah business that can provide the growth of incomes. Marketing by W. Y. Stanton marketing is something that covers the entire system associated with the objective to plan and determine the price up to promote and distribute goods and services that can satisfy the needs of actual and potential buyers. [3] Based on the above definition, the marketing process starts from finding what they want by consumers. Which ultimately has the goal of marketing is:

Potential consumer to know in detail the products that we produce and the company can provide all of their demand for the products produced.

Companies can explain in detail all the activities related to marketing. These marketing activities include a variety of activities, ranging from the description of the product, product design, product promotion, advertising products, communication to consumers, through to product delivery to consumers quickly.

Know and understand the customer so that the product is suitable to him and be sold by itself.

In general, marketing activities related to the coordination of several business activities. This marketing strategy is influenced by factors as follows:

Micro factors, namely marketing intermediaries, suppliers, competitors and the public

Macro factors, namely the demographic / economic, political / legal, technological / physical and social / cultural.

The following are things to consider for marketing: From the standpoint of the seller:

(Place),

(Product),

(Price), and

(Promotion).

From the consumer point of view:

(Customer needs and wants),

(Cost to the customer),

(Convenience), and

(Comunication).

From what has been discussed above there are several things that can be concluded, that the manufacture of products or services desired by consumers should be the focus of operational and planning activities of a company. Sustainable marketing should be a good coordination with various departments (not just in the marketing department anyway), so as to create synergy in the efforts to conduct marketing activities.

THE REALITY OF DECISION MAKING

THE REALITY OF DECISION MAKING

Understanding Decision Making

Some proposed definitions of decision-making experts described as follows (Hasan, 2004):

1. According to George R. Terry

Decision making is the selection of alternative behavior (behavior) of certain of two or more alternatives.

2. According S.P. Siagian

Decision making is a systematic approach to the nature of the alternatives they face and take appropriate action according to the calculations is the most appropriate action.

3. According to James A.F. Stoner

Decision making is a process used to choose an action as a way of solving the problem.

Notions of the above decision, it can be concluded that decision making is a process of selecting the best alternative from several alternatives systematically to follow up (used) as a way of solving the problem

According Sondang P. Siagian was quoted as saying by the GK. Manila

in his book Management Practices in State Government, there

four models of decision making that is:

a. Model optimization. Decision-making in order to obtain results

which can be achieved and can not be separated from the limited resources

no. This model is based on the maximum criteria, probability, and

benefits.

b. Models satisfying. Decision making is not solely

through rationality and logic approach procedure but in reality,

so that decision makers are satisfied with and proud when

decisions taken are adequate to fruition.

c. Mixed scanning models. Decision-making that incorporates

Among high rationality approach with a pragmatic approach.

d. Heuristic models. Decision making based on concepts entirely

ynag held by decision makers that is based on

his own views on the problem at hand.

While Bedjo Siswanto in his book Modern Management

said there are two models of decision making that often there

within the organization, namely:

a. Normative model, which is a model of decision making

embody the manager about how he should take

a group decision. These models have generally been developed by

economists and other management scientists. One example of this model

in educational institutions is about financial budgeting.

b. Descriptive models, ie models that explain the decision-making

concrete behavior and this model has been developed by behavioral scientists

Opinion for this article : I think the decision-making must consider what will be decided to achieve maximum results as what is already planned and could possibly reduce the risk of the impact of the decision-making

Nama  : R. Aries Wahyu K. P.

NPM   : 19211432

Kelas   : 1EA27